Does religion contribute to mental health and well-being? If so, is this link universal? This chapter reviews the interdisciplinary literature on religion and mental health. While a large number of cross-sectional studies document a positive effect of religiosity and religious practices on mental health, stress coping, and life satisfaction, few causal investigations of this relationship have been conducted. Furthermore, the bulk of the research has focused on the North American context, leaving other continents and developing countries relatively less studied. There is therefore ample scope for economists expanding the research on religion and mental health across three dimensions: (i.) employing methods which attempt causal identification, (ii.) focusing on developing country contexts, and (iii.) focusing on a larger set of mental health indicators and on a wider spectrum of religious groups. This review includes three case studies of papers exemplifying the ways in which economists can contribute to the literature on religion and mental health.